Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a disabling condition associated with neurologic injury, inflammation, and overactive bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The inductive factors involved in lesion formation are unknown. We found that the expression of the neuro‐inflammatory factor Substance P (SP) is dramatically increased in early lesional tissue in patients who have either fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) or acquired HO, and in three independent mouse models of HO. In Nse‐BMP4, a mouse model of HO, robust HO forms in response to tissue injury; however, null mutations of the preprotachykinin (PPT) gene encoding SP prevent HO. Importantly, ablation of SP⁺ sensory neurons, treatment with an antagonist of SP receptor NK1r, deletion of NK1r gene, or genetic down‐regulation of NK1r‐expressing mast cells also profoundly inhibit injury‐induced HO. These observations establish a potent neuro‐inflammatory induction and amplification circuit for BMP‐dependent HO lesion formation, and identify novel molecular targets for prevention of HO. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 2759–2772, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.